Personal Finance The Management Of Funds Essay - 1680 Words

Indian finance is just the management of funds. With the general areas of financial services in India being business finance, personal finance, and public finance, finance in India is really comprehensive. Personal finance is entirely related to the application of finance principles, thereby helping an individual to make necessary monetary decisions. Individuals or families through this, obtain, budget, save, and spend resources (entirely monetary) taking into consideration the associated financial risks and time period. The personal finance apparatus includes savings accounts, credit cards and consumer loans, stock market investments, retirement plans, social security benefits, insurance policies, and income tax administration. Sub categories of personal finance are: †¢ Credit and Debt †¢ Employment contract †¢ Retirement †¢ Financial planning Personal Financial Management will take into account the concepts of time, money and risk are all these inter-related while planning for financial needs and, thus one should have an idea about how money should be spent and budgeted. Following are the factors determining the Financial Behaviour of the investors. A – Age of the Person Age of the person is the main factor, which determines one’s own financial management. If the age is low, they can earn more, save more and even spend more. However, in case of age-old persons, their income would be lower but their expenses like well-being, health would cost more. This plays an importantShow MoreRelatedCareer in Finance and Mathematics1137 Words   |  5 PagesCareer in Finance and Mathematics An B. Nguyen Grantham University BA550, Finance October 27, 2015 Abstract There is many job opportunity for individual with the career in finance or mathematics background. According to Careers-in-Finance.com, the lowest entry level related to finance start from $35K-$50K annually in small firms and can reach as high as $260K-$390K for large firms. The income can variable depended on the level of education and experiences. Around the finance corporate,Read MoreRaising Finance1286 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction to raising finance When a company is growing rapidly, for example when contemplating investment in capital equipment or an acquisition, its current financial resources may be inadequate. Few growing companies are able to finance their expansion plans from cash flow alone. They will therefore need to consider raising finance from other external sources.  In addition, managers who are looking to buy-in to a business (management buy-in or MBI) or buy-out (management buy-out or MBO) aRead MorePersonal Finance Planning : The Financial Management999 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Finance Planning Introduction Personal Finance is the financial management which an person or a family unit performs to spending plan, spare, and invest fiscal assets over time, considering different monetary risks and future life events (Salohalla, 2011). Like many people, you have seeks and dreams and life objectives after yourself and your crew. These might incorporate purchasing a home or business, putting something aside for school instruction for your youngsters, taking a fantasyRead MoreBusiness Models Of Internet Finance1699 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The internet finance industry is newly developed in China, with only a very brief history. However, the industry is growing at a rapid pace and is becoming a significant part of the overall financial industry in China. In terms of financial functions, internet finance is mainly comprised of payment and settlement services, sales of asset management productsï ¼Å'and financing. Without discussing any one particular area in depth, this paper is intended to provide a broad overview of each of theRead MoreEssay On Application Of Machine Learning In Finance970 Words   |  4 Pagesin Finance, I want to continue my research on earnings revision and earnings surprises as well as investigate other factors of return predictability related to size, profitability, and momentum. In addition, my other research interests are in (1) investments, (2) hedge funds and mutual funds, and (3) applications of machine learning in finance. My experience at Villanova, both as a research fellow and a student was formative of my fascination with investments, hedge funds, and mutual funds. MyRead MoreFinancial Advice For Robin Banks1303 Words   |  6 PagesRobin Banks Term 4, Personal Finance NEBAUER, Emma 11/18/2016  INTRODUCTION Personal finance is the management of how a family or individual obtains, budgets, saves and spends economic income over time, taking into account various financial risks and future life events (University, 2016). The importance of managing your finances comes down to what life you wish to live. By setting goals, and meeting them, will allow for positive finances. To best advance personal finances an individual couldRead MoreResearch Proposal1706 Words   |  7 Pagesthat this proposal tends to address is the factors that affect the success rate of the ESA micro finance project. CHAPTER ONE 1.0Introduction ESA was formed in 1987 to support student’s effort in their economic development and promoting economic excellence. It further had to come up with a program for aiding the needy students by providing microfinance. The objective of the program is to make the finances accessible to students with financial constraints.   1.1Background of the study Since the formationRead MoreWhat Accounting And Finance Is And Why It Has An Important Aspect Of Any Business1364 Words   |  6 PagesINTRODUCTION This report focuses primarily on the understanding of what Accounting and Finance is and why it has, and will continue to be, an important aspect of any business - further exploring its subsequent relevance in guiding those who work in these areas. WHAT IS ACCOUNTING? Accounting, a practice which goes back many millennia, arises from the concept which Britton and Waterston (2005, p. 03) believe came about when managers (known then as stewards) had to â€Å"account for their stewardship ofRead MoreIntroduction To Financial Management Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesDefine the terms finance and financial management, and identify the major sub-areas of finance. Finance is the study of applying specific value to things individuals own to include services used and decisions determined [Finance by Cornett, M. M., Adair, T. A., Nofsinger J. (2014). M: Finance (2nd ed.)]. In simple words, finance is how much value is attributable to goods and services and the basis of such attribution. Financial management may be defined as the management of the finances of a businessRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1628 Words   |  7 Pagesinvesting terms and types. This lack of knowledge translates directly into lower saving rates and investment habits. Currently, less than 48% of adults in the Unites State has savings invested in stocks, one of the best potential options to accumulate funds for an emergency, or retirement. Various options do exist, however, to aid an individual uncomfortable with investing. A passive investor could utilize a broker, a broker is a representative who buys and sells investments on behalf of an individual

citizen kane Essay - 685 Words

Citizen Kane nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the movie Citizen Kane , young Charles Foster Kane is very energetic, optimistic and has a very positive outlook on life. At the same time he hates his old and bitter guardian, Mr. Thatcher, who has secluded himself from the everyday man and the only thing he is after is money and stature. Later on in life Charles Kane turns into an exact carbon copy of Mr. Thatcher, even though that is exactly what he wanted to get away from. In this essay I will prove how the used of sound, in the scenes in Thatcher ¡Ã‚ ¦s library and Xanadu, as compared to the earlier scenes in young Kane ¡Ã‚ ¦s newspaper office, help establish this development in Kane ¡Ã‚ ¦s character. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The scene in†¦show more content†¦The attendant gives a journal of Mr. Thatcher to the reporter and tells him only to read a specific number of pages in a limited amount of time. Even in death Mr. Thatcher ¡Ã‚ ¦s want for control and his bitterness is shown through the library attendant, and it feels like he had given her instructions prior to his death as to how to deal with people seeking access to his library. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the second scene we see Charles Kane and his Friends pull up in a horse driven carriage in front of his newspaper building. The non-diegetic sound in this scene is very happy, upbeat, and energetic. There is a bit of humor and with Kane ¡Ã‚ ¦s positive energy everything seems very lively. The sound itself tells us that he is not anything like his guardian Mr. Thatcher. He has a positive outlook on life and wants to do exactly the opposite of what his guardian wants him too because he still does not like him and will do anything to get under his skin. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The third scene starts with a non-diegetic sound, which has a close resemblance to that of the sound in Mr. Thatcher ¡Ã‚ ¦s library. It is very creepy and bone chilling compared to when we first meet Charles Kane. The hall is dark and gloomy looking just as Mr. Thatcher ¡Ã‚ ¦s library. Kane and his wife seem to be sitting at the opposite ends of the room, showing us the distance that has come between them since they first met. TheShow MoreRelatedCitizen Kane1211 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I first saw this clip of Citizen Kane (Orson Welles, 1941) my first instinct was that it was comic relief. The extremely frustrated director, Jedediah trying so hard not to fall asleep and of course Bernstein reclining back in his seat more interested in playing with the playbill then watching Susan on stage. While this scene may be rather humorous a lot about both Susan and Kane is revealed through emotions and actions of the two. As the clip progresses it begins to be come less and less humorousRead More Citizen Kane Essay836 Words   |  4 Pages nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Orson Welles’ cinematic classic, Citizen Kane, is a film that centers on a group of reporter’s investigation into the meaning of Charles Foster Kane’s last word, â€Å"Rosebud.† Through their investigation of his last words, the team of reporters, is presented with an almost, but not quite, complete picture of â€Å"Citizen† Kane’s life. By assuming that the man’s last word was as grandiose as his life, the reporters miss out on the bigger, more holistic picture, which is CharlesRead MoreCitizen Kane Analysis2693 Words   |  11 PagesFilm History Research Citizen Kane Film Essay Orson Welles Citizen Kane Success the first time around is very uncommon. Orson Welless first feature film richly realizes the full potential of excellent craftsmanship. Citizen Kane is almost indisputably the greatest achievement in the history of filming. In 1941, this film was considered by many as the best film ever made. This film is about the enormous conflict between two twentieth-century iconsRead More Citizen Kane Essay981 Words   |  4 Pages The film Citizen Kane, directed by Orson Welles, is a great example of how a man can be corrupted by wealth. Through the characters in the film we can observe how Charles Foster Kane, an idealistic man with principles, can be changed and misguided by wealth and what accompanies wealth. The film takes places during the late 19th century and early 20th century, a time in American history when the world is changing and wealth is a great power to change it with. Through the story telling of Kane’s lifeRead MoreFilm Analysis Of Citizen Kane1299 Words   |   6 PagesCitizen Kane incorporates a well-rounded variety of shots and angles that make the film more entertaining. This movie is significant because the American people will always be able to relate to it. There will always be a rich politician who wants to change things for the better. Sometimes, scandal and broken promises ensue. The American people will always want someone that they can trust to make their lives better. It is interesting to note that this film combines multiple genres, giving it a factorRead MoreRosebud in Citizen Kane Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesRosebud in Citizen Kane Rosebud is sled, Kanes sled when he was a boy. Rosebud is the foundation of the film of citizen Kane. Rosebud is also Kanes last words. He was a very important man, known globally. Rosebud is the word everyone wants to understand the meaning of, so there is a hunt to find the meaning of the word. This sets the story for the film. Rosebud is a symbol of Kane, in that Rosebud represents his loss of the ability to love and how to love. The filmRead MoreCitizen Kane Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesCitizen Kane Citizen Kane is often called the greatest film ever made. Its use of film techniques often taken for granted nowadays were completely new and had not been done before. Simple things like ceilings on the sets and realistic scenes such as the newsreel, which would not stand out in a modern film, were combined to make a film full of innovative techniques. The director, Orson Welles, developed the use of deep focus to make the flat cinema screen almost becomeRead MoreEssay Citizen Kane1284 Words   |  6 Pages Citizen Kane After watching the movie â€Å"Citizen Kane† I realized why this movie was named one of the best films ever. Yellow journalism was in an era from the 1880 to the 1900 and it featured flashy journalism of that time, which made editors write about invented stories. Which went to big headlines on subjects that weren’t true. The two big writers of that time were William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer. During the film Kane is depicted as a yellow journalism at different times. One exampleRead MoreOrson Welles And Citizen Kane2180 Words   |  9 Pagesin half between his polar personalities. Charles Foster Kane has recently died and the predicament of interpreting his life and its meaning is left upon a single reporter. â€Å"†¦A group of prominent films critics were asked to list the greatest directors and the greatest films, Orson Welles and Citizen Kane both came in first (Carringer 32).† Orson Welles’ produces, co-wrote, directed, and starred in the great American classic film, Citizen Kane, at the age of 26. Throughout this entire film, the audienceRead MoreCitizen Kane Is A Quarry For Filmmakers1572 Words   |  7 Pages As esteemed film director William Friedkin once said; Citizen Kane is a quarry for filmmakers. It is undeniable that Citizen Kane is the epitome of the great American film. It was initially released in 1941 and was met with great criticism . However, since its release many years ago it is evident that the film ma de advancements in cinema techniques which were well ahead of its time . The foremost reason Citizen Kane is considered one of the great American films ever created is due to the innovative

Primary Strategies Businesses Held So High â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Primary Strategies Businesses Held So High? Answer: Introducation Competitive advantage has been one of the primary strategies that businesses have held so high. Having a competitive advantage in the market always last for a short duration due to the dynamics that occur from time to time in the market. Competitive advantage is characterized by the ability of the business to cater for the needs and values of the customer (Johnston Bate, 2013). Customers have changing needs and thus they are moved by organizations that provide for their emerging needs through continuous innovation. The effectiveness of the premium prices is supported by an organization that is concerned about cost efficiency, customer responsiveness, and rendering of quality goods and services. Innovation can take various forms that are not limited to product innovation and process innovation. Product innovation can take the form of adding new features to the product so that it can sufficiently meet the values and the requirements of the customers. Product innovation can lead to an extremely new product or changes to the existing product (Boons Ldeke-Freund, 2013). A good example for a product innovation is the case of the invention of a microprocessor by Intel in the 1970s. The product innovation made the company more competitive in the market. It is relevant to note that this change guaranteed faster, powerful and more secure operations that created sustainability in the market. Process innovation can best be explained by the initiatives that companies engage in so as to make their operations more cost effective and interactive(Smith,2013). Process innovation creates an avenue where customers can be involved in the production of the goods through availing of processes th at entertain this. A great example would the case of Nike Company. The company was aware of the impact that customer involvement had on building its competitive advantage. With this in mind, it came up with a portal where its potential customers could upload the designs that they want for their shoes, and they could customize the shoes for them. The inclusion of the customers boosted the competitive edge of the company. The company was able to serve a larger market because it could customize its goods to its clients. Process innovation can be in the case of a new business model for a company. Air Asia is an example of an organization that gained a competitive edge in the Air line business by incorporating of e-commerce into its operations. The encompassing of e-commerce into its operations has seen the company save a lot of its resources than any other company in the market. Nonetheless, companies such as NOKIA, MOTOROLA and Block Busters have failed in upholding continuous innovati on. Porter's five forces in a food Industry The Porters five forces model appertain to five factors that verify the competitiveness of the company. To begin with, the bargaining power of the buyers is a factor that is a threat to organizations. The buyers have the disposition of purchasing the products that they require from any seller (MBA Crystal Ball, 2017) the threat lies in the ability of the buyers to access adequate information regarding the products that are in the market. The opportunity that is available for the industry is the capacity to utilize technology that will ensure that the customers are served with quality services. With the quality services, the customers will find a reason to purchase their products as compared to those of their competitors. To add on, the bargaining power of suppliers is imperative in the food industry. The potential suppliers, in this case, are the dairy suppliers, bakery suppliers, and meat vendors. To explain their bargaining power, it can be termed as low given that there are numerous providers of the fast foods. The opportunities that lie in the case of the fast food industry are the ability to get supplies for their outlets due to the limited differentiation that is in the market. Reliability of the suppliers is thus assured to the owners of the fast food industries. To add on, competitive rivalry among the competitors is a significant threat in the market. Competitors hinder a company from attaining high-profit margins in the market. The increased number of outlets is a major threat to the fast food eatery (E. Dobbs, 2014). The opportunity that is available is that a fast food eatery is supposed to provide quality services that surpass those of its competitors so that it can earn a competitive edge in the market. The threat of substitutes products is another force. In a fast food joint, there is the likelihood that one product may be substituted by another. For instance, a sandwich and a pizza, the threat of substitutes are accelerated by the limited differentiation in the market. The threat exists where one product can be preferred to another. The opportunity that exists is the ability of a fast food joint to come up with unique products. Lastly, the threat of new entrants is also a force that is applicable in the fast food industry. The barriers to entry dictate the inability of a new food outlet to enter the market due to market restriction (Rothaermel, 2015).The restrictions give a competitive edge to the food outlets that are already in the market which is a threat. The opportunities lie in the ability to come up with unique products that will lock out the rivals in the market. It is significant for the fast foods to take note of the impact that the five forces have on acquiring of a competitive edge in the market. The food outlets need to take advantage of the available opportunities to be competitive in the market. Building and sustaining competitive advantage Superior efficiency Sustaining a competitive advantage can be arrived at through the efficient use of resources. Sustainability can be reached through the utilization of a limited number of inputs and still realizing of high outputs (Peppard Ward, 2016). A company that can gain a competitive edge in its production process gains the superior efficiency as compared to those that use excessive resources in the production of the same products. Superior efficiency can also be regarding the hours used and the labor costs that are incurred. The other factor relates to the quality of services that are rendered. Customers are moved by the availability of quality services. Customers always want to get the value of their money. In the case that a company produces quality services, then it is in a position to gain a positive corporate image from its customers (McGrath, 2013).The competitive edge is necessitated by quality services that are well priced. Excellent quality can act as a market barrier to the new entrants that reduce the competitiveness of the market, and thus a company can easily dominate its market. Innovation is imperative in the running of a successful business. Innovation can be regarding product advancement or changes in the processes that are involved in the business. Innovation is all about coming up with strategies that will make the customer more comfortable through the provision of services that better match their changing needs. Product innovation will ensure that a company always produces products that are feasible in the market (Saeidi et al.2015). Or products that better fit the dynamics that occur in the market. The processes that are involved should be those that are cost effective. That is the company should be able to be resource effective in the production of goods and services. A good example of implementing of innovation will be the Toyota Company, a company that has instigated a lean production system that has improved the productivity of the employees and at the same time creating a competitive advantage for itself through cost effectiveness. Customer responsiveness is the last factor that addresses the issue of competitiveness in the market. The customer should always be at the center of the company (Brocken et al.2014). Are the needs, values, requirements and the expectations of the customers should always be the driving force in the formulation and implementation of the strategies of the company. The goods and services that are produced should fully comply with what the customer wants or is looking for. It can be informed of prices, quality or convenience. References Ball, M. C. (2017). Porter's Five Forces. Retrieved August 11, 2017, from MBA Crystal Ball: https://www.mbacrystalball.com/blog/strategy/porters-five-forces/ Bocken, N. M. P., Short, S. W., Rana, P., Evans, S. (2014). Literature and practice review to develop sustainable business model archetypes. Journal of cleaner production,65, Boons, F., Ldeke-Freund, F. (2013). Business models for sustainable innovation: state-of- The-Art and steps towards a research agenda. Journal of Cleaner Production,45, 9-Dobbs, M. (2014). Guidelines for applying Porter's five forces framework: a set of industry analysis templates.Competitiveness Review,24(1), 32-45 Johnston, R. E., Bate, J. D. (2013).The power of strategy innovation: a new way of linkingcreativity and strategic planning to discover great business opportunities. AMACO Div American Mgmt Assn. McGrath, R. G. (2013). Transient advantage.Harvard Business Review,91(6), 62-70. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Rothaermel, F. T. (2015).Strategic management. McGraw-Hill Education. Saeidi, S. P., Sofian, S., Saeidi, P., Saeidi, S. P., Saaeidi, S. A. (2015). How does corporate social responsibility contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of competitive advantage, reputation, and customer satisfaction.Journal of Business Research,68(2), 341-350 Smith, M. H. (2013).The natural advantage of nations: business opportunities, innovation and governance in the 21st century. Earthscan.

Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on th Essay Example For Students

Being homeless is often defined as sleeping on th Essay e streets. Although this is the most visible and severe form of homelessness, there are many other types of acute housing need. These include living in temporary accommodation, poor or overcrowded conditions, or being in mortgage arrears and under threat of re-possession. (Hope 1986) It is a symptom of many complex problems: mental illness, emotional instability, illiteracy, chronic substance abuse, unemployment, and, most basic of all, breakdown of the family structure. Anyone can become homeless and the reasons that force people into homelessness are many and varied. The leading cause, however, of homelessness in the United States is the inability of poor people to afford housing. Housing costs have risen significantly over the last decade, whi. The Homeless Population One of the most important issues that concern me today is homelessness and the every year homeless increase. This is an important issue because millions of people throughout the world have no place to sleep or no food to eat. These people constantly wonder the streets begging for food, money, and any thing else that the people have to offer. The homeless have no remorse the winter beacuse they cant find a warm place to go and they freeze to death. Every year the homeless population increases. There are two major trends responsible for the rapid growth of homelessness over the past 15-20 years. These two trends include the growing shortage of affordable rental housing and a simultaneous increase in poverty. How many people are homeless throughout the world? The number of homeless is made up of 58% African American, 29% Caucasian, 10% Hispanic, 2% Native American, 1% Asian. Who is to blame for homelessness? As much as I would like to blame someone else other than the homeless people, they have a lot to do with it. Most of the homeless are out on the streets . .. HOMELESSNESS Homelessness is a very large problem that America has come to face with. Millions of people, including children, families, babies, veterans, and the elderly live day by day without food, water or a roof over their head. People that are mentally ill also have to tough it out on the streets, which can be very confusing to them, and dangerous to us. This problem must be solved soon, because its not getting any better. People have not always had to suffer with homelessness. Too bad the problem has almost always existed, it had not reached a severe level until recently. With every war there has been a small trickle of homeless veterans to follow, but Not enough people see the whole picture when it comes to societys problems. If something hurts the society, it hurts the individual. For example, the problem of homelessness is not just the problem of those who are without residence. Their plight effects us all. Homelessness hurts the local businessman whose customers are frightened away by the homeless man living on the corner. It hurts those who have to commute to work via public transportation and must deal with .. . Homelessness INTRODUCTION Homelessness is a condition of people who lack regular access to adequate housing. As this condition becomes a growing problem in Canada people are forced to deal with the issues. Who are the homeless? They range from children to adults and even in some cases, families. Why are they homeless? Poverty, lack of jobs or well paying jobs, decline in Social Services, domestic violence, mental illness .. . the majority of the homeless within our society. What effects does being homeless have on members of the family? It contributes to many physical and mental health problems for both parents and their children. Homelessness is a world-wide issue, yet zeroing in on Canada, the majority of the homeless live on the streets of Toronto and Vancouver where they seek shelter anywhere from a park bench .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .postImageUrl , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:hover , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:visited , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:active { border:0!important; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:active , .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6 .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ucde205e8e2a0ff1bf959ba225f2b75d6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Genocide Essay Homeless What has been done to decrease the problem? One of the largest growing concerns in Toronto is the constantly increasing number of citizens who are finding themselves living on the streets. With the decrease in the number of available jobs, the population of homeless people has literally boomed. My questions are not as simple to answer as they may appear. Why is a large portion of our community forced to live on the streets? What has be done to decrease the problem? These are the questions I will confront in my essay. With the economical wealth attributed to the name .

Ari no mama de - The Japanese version of Let It Go

Ari no mama de - The Japanese version of Let It Go The movie Frozen is titled as ã‚ ¢Ã£Æ'Šã  ¨Ã©â€º ªÃ£  ®Ã¥ ¥ ³Ã§Å½â€¹ (Anna and the Snow Queen) for the Japanese market, and it has become the third best-selling film of all time in Japan since its March 14 premiere. Japan’s highest-grossing film is currently Hayao Miyazaki’s animated classic â€Å"Spirited Away,† and â€Å"Titanic,† earns second place. The song Let It Go won the Academy Award for Best Original Song. Besides the original English version, it is dubbed into another 42 languages and dialects worldwide. Here is the Japanese version of Let It Go which translates into Ari no mama de (As I am). Romaji Translation Ari no mama de Furihajimeta yuki wa ashiato keshite Masshirona sekai ni hitori no watashi Kaze ga kokoro ni sasayakuno Konomama ja dame dandato Tomadoi kizutsuki darenimo uchiakezuni Nayandeta soremo mou Yameyou Arino mama no sugata o miseru noyo Arino mama no jibun ni naruno Nanimo kowakunai Kazeyo fuke Sukoshimo samuku nai wa Nayandeta koto ga uso mitai de Datte mou jiyuu yo nandemo dekiru Dokomade yareruka jibun o tameshitai no Sou yo kawaru no yo Watashi Arino mama de sora e kaze ni notte Arino mama de tobidashite miru no Nido to namida wa nagasanai wa Tsumetaku daichi o tsutsumi komi Takaku maiagaru omoi egaite Hanasaku koori no kesshou no you ni Kagayaite itai mou kimeta no Kore de ii no jibun o suki ni natte Kore de ii no jibun o shinjite Hikari abinagara arukidasou Sukoshi mo samuku nai wa Japanese Version 㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£  § é™ Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã©â€º ªÃ£  ¯Ã¨ ¶ ³Ã£ â€šÃ£  ¨Ã¦ ¶Ë†Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦ çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã§â„¢ ½Ã£  ªÃ¤ ¸â€"ç•Å'㠁 «Ã¤ ¸â‚¬Ã¤ º ºÃ£  ®Ã§ §  é ¢ ¨Ã£ Å'Ã¥ ¿Æ'㠁 «Ã£ â€¢Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£  Ã£  ® 㠁“㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šÆ'ãÆ'ۋÆ' ¡Ã£   Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£   Ã£  ¨ æˆ ¸Ã¦Æ'‘㠁„å‚ ·Ã£  ¤Ã£  Ã¨ ª °Ã£  «Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦â€°â€œÃ£  ¡Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã£ â€˜Ã£ Å¡Ã£  « æ‚ ©Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ Å¸Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'もも㠁† ã‚„ã‚ Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€  㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£  ®Ã¥ § ¿Ã¨ ¦â€¹Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£â€šË† 㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£  ®Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ® ä ½â€¢Ã£â€šâ€šÃ¦â‚¬â€"㠁 Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž é ¢ ¨Ã£â€šË†Ã¥  ¹Ã£ â€˜ Ã¥ °â€˜Ã£ â€"ã‚‚å ¯â€™Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€š  æ‚ ©Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¨Ã£ Å'嘘㠁 ¿Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  § 㠁  Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€ Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ§â€ ±Ã£â€šË†Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  §Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€¹ 㠁 ©Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¾Ã£  §Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£â€šÅ'る㠁‹è‡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¨ © ¦Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿã â€žÃ£  ® 㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šË†Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ®Ã£â€šË† ç §  㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã§ © ºÃ£  ¸Ã© ¢ ¨Ã£  «Ã¤ ¹â€"㠁 £Ã£  ¦ 㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾Ã£  §Ã© £â€ºÃ£  ³Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£  ® ä ºÅ'Ã¥ º ¦Ã£  ¨Ã¦ ¶â„¢Ã£  ¯Ã¦ µ Ã£ â€¢Ã£  ªÃ£ â€žÃ£â€š  å† ·Ã£ Å¸Ã£  Ã¥ ¤ §Ã¥Å" °Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥Å'…㠁 ¿Ã¨ ¾ ¼Ã£  ¿ é «ËœÃ£  Ã¨Ë†Å¾Ã£ â€žÃ¤ ¸Å Ã£ Å'ã‚‹æ€ Ã£ â€žÃ¦  Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦ èŠ ±Ã¥â€™ ²Ã£  Ã¦ ° ·Ã£  ®Ã§ µ Ã¦â„¢ ¶Ã£  ®Ã£â€šË†Ã£ â€ Ã£  « è ¼ Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦Ã£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£â‚¬â€šÃ£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€ Ã¦ ± ºÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã£  ® 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£  ®Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã£â€šâ€™Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£  Ã£  «Ã£  ªÃ£  £Ã£  ¦ 㠁“ã‚Å'㠁 §Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€žÃ£  ®Ã¨â€¡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€ Ã¤ ¿ ¡Ã£ ËœÃ£  ¦ 光〠Ã¦ µ ´Ã£  ³Ã£  ªÃ£ Å'ら㠁‚る㠁 Ã£   Ã£  Ã£ â€  Ã¥ °â€˜Ã£ â€"ã‚‚å ¯â€™Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž Vocabulary arinomama 㠁‚り㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾ - unvarnished, undisguisedfurihajimeru é™ Ã£â€šÅ Ã¥ §â€¹Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to start fallingyuki é› ª - snowashiato è ¶ ³Ã¨ · ¡ - footprintkesu æ ¶Ë†Ã£ â„¢ - to erasemasshiro çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã§â„¢ ½ - pure whitesekai ä ¸â€"ç•Å' - worldhitori 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ  - alonewatashi ç §  - Ikaze é ¢ ¨ - windkokoro Ã¥ ¿Æ' - heartsasayku 㠁•ã â€¢Ã£â€šâ€žÃ£   - to whisperkonomama 㠁“㠁 ®Ã£  ¾Ã£  ¾- as they aredame 㠁  Ã£â€š  - no goodtomadou æˆ ¸Ã¦Æ'‘㠁† - to be at a losskizutsuku å‚ ·Ã£  ¤Ã£   - to hurtdarenimo è ª °Ã£  «Ã£â€šâ€š - nobodyuchiakeru 打㠁 ¡Ã¦ËœÅ½Ã£ â€˜Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to confess; to confidenayamu æ‚ ©Ã£â€šâ‚¬ - to be worried; to be distressedyameru ã‚„ã‚ Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to stopsugata Ã¥ § ¿ - appearancemiseru è ¦â€¹Ã£ â€ºÃ£â€šâ€¹ - to showjibun è‡ ªÃ¥Ë†â€  - oneselfnanimo ä ½â€¢Ã£â€šâ€š - nothingkowakunai æ€â€"㠁 Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž - not to scarefuku Ã¥  ¹Ã£   - to blowus o 嘘 - liejiyuu è‡ ªÃ§â€ ±- freedomnandemo 㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€œÃ£  §Ã£â€šâ€š - anythingdekiru 㠁 §Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€¹ - canyareru ã‚„ã‚Å'ã‚‹ - to be able totamesu è © ¦Ã£ â„¢ - to trykawaru Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to changesora ç © º - skynoru ä ¹â€"ã‚‹ - to carrytobidasu é £â€ºÃ£  ³Ã¥â€¡ ºÃ£ â„¢ - to spring outnidoto ä ºÅ'Ã¥ º ¦Ã£  ¨ - never againnamida æ ¶â„¢ - tearnagasu æ µ Ã£ â„¢ - to shedtsumetaku å† ·Ã£ Å¸Ã£   - colddaichi Ã¥  °Ã¥Å" ° - plateautsutsumu Ã¥Å'…ã‚€ - to wraptakaku é «ËœÃ£   - highmaiagaru 舞㠁„ä ¸Å Ã£ Å'ã‚‹ - to soaromoi æ€ Ã£ â€ž- thoughtegaku æ  Ã£   - to picture to oneselfhana èŠ ± - flowersaku å’ ²Ã£   - to bloomkoori æ ° · - icekesshou ç µ Ã¦â„¢ ¶ - crystalkagayaku è ¼ Ã£   - to shinekimeru æ ± ºÃ£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to decidesuki Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã£   - to likeshinjiru ä ¿ ¡Ã£ ËœÃ£â€šâ€¹ - to believehikari å…‰ - lightabiru æ µ ´Ã£  ³Ã£â€šâ€¹ - to baskaruku æ ­ ©Ã£   - to walksamukunai Ã¥ ¯â€™Ã£  Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž - not cold   Grammar (1) Prefix ma Ma çÅ"Ÿ is a prefix to emphasize the noun that comes after ma. makk çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¨ µ ¤ - bright redmasshiro çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã§â„¢ ½ - pure whitemanatsu çÅ"Ÿå ¤  - the middle of summermassaki çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¥â€¦Ë† - at the very firstmassao çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã© â€™ - deep bluemakkuro çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã© »â€™ - black as inkmakkura çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¦Å¡â€" - pitch-darkmapputatsu çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¤ ºÅ'㠁 ¤ - right in two (2) Adjectives Kowai (scared) and samui (cold) are adjectives. There are two types of adjectives in Japanese: i-adjectives and na-adjectives. I-adjectives all end in ~ i, though they never end in ~ ei (e.g. kirei is not an i-adjective.) Kowakunai and samukunai are negative form of kowai and samui. Click this link to learn more about Japanese adjectives. (3) Personal Pronouns â€Å"Watashi† is formal and the most commonly used pronoun. Japanese pronoun usage is quite different from that of English. There are a variety of pronouns used in Japanese depending on the gender of the speaker or the style of speech. Learning how to use Japanese personal pronouns is important, but more important is to understand how not to use them. When the meaning can be understood from the context, the Japanese prefer not to use personal pronouns. Click this link to learn more about personal pronouns.

Women and war Essay Example

Women and war Essay Example Women and war Essay Women and war Essay Currently, there are about 14% to 15% of women serving in the US armed forces. Some of whom are participating in flying helicopter gunships, assisting in propelling nuclear-powered warships, gathering intelligence, communications and signals, ordinance, engineering and myriads of logistic works (Skiba, 2001). Back in 1970, only 1.4 percent of women were serving in the military forces. Five years later the percentage tripled to 4.6 percent, doubling to 8.3 percent during the 1980’s and had steadily risen to 10 percent by 1985. By 1990, records showed that the number of women working the military has already reached to 11 percent and the statistics is continuously increasing year after year (Government executive, 1994 cited in Willens, 996). Although the history of women in combat could be traced during the time of Joan of Arch, who at the age of 17 led the French squad to battle the troops of the English, the professional military status of women was not fully recognized until 1948. It was President Truman who put in effect the â€Å"Women’s Armed Services Integration Act† which allowed women to become a part of a force dominated by males. Although women were able to penetrate the all-male forces, they were still prohibited to fly combat aircrafts and naval combat vessels (Spring, 1994 cited in Willens, 1996). However, the rules that prevented women from taking part in flying combat aircrafts and participating in combat vessels drastically changed in the early 90’s right after the Persian Gulf War. The Congress enacted the National Defense Authorization Act of 1992-1993 which invalidated the laws concerning female combat exemption. The Administration of President Clinton reinforced the said act when they opened combat positions that were once prohibited to women (GAO report, 1996 cited in Willens, 1996). By October 1, 1994 a policy was issued by the Department of Defense which abolished the â€Å"risk rule† where women’s specialties were measured. The policy set by the Defense Department was strongly supported by the department’s secretary, Les Aspin by putting forward an extension of the changes on April 1993 that allowed women to participate in flying aviations which include attack helicopters. The policy also stipulates that no other jobs in the military will be closed to women just because the said jobs were dangerous. However, the policy was not able to address a direct policy for women to participate in other military specialties such as the Special Forces Units or ground combat fighters. At present, women are still excluded from ground combat based from the official policy of the Marine and Army Corps (GAO report, 1996 cited in Willens, 1996). Likew ise, the Navy barred women from penetrating coastal patrol crafts and submarines due to the privacy reasons of the crews. As such, they are also prohibited to become a part of the SEALS, a team specializing in warfare (Skiba, 2001). Despite these limitations, women became an important part of the military, demonstrating that they could perform various missions in any circumstances and the military has become reliant on the vital role played by women during missions (Abbott cited in Skiba, 2001). Granting women to be a part of the military forces and be able to participate in critical missions became an important factor in the retaliation set by President George Bush against terrorism. Right after the September 11, 2001 attack, despite the law governing the standard that women are not permitted to be on ground combat units, women could now be compared to male units that are in the war frontlines and are very close to becoming a part of the combat support. Women managed to be in the positions such as intelligence analysts, crewmembers of the gunships, bombers and fighter pilots, soldiers for psychological operations, supply officers, honor guards and some even rise to the ranks that are especially assigned to men (Stone, 2002). Prior to becoming a faction of the military, women had undergone series of issues that raised arguments whether the military should still maintain women in the forces and whether to put them in the frontlines of wars. One of the major issues faced by women during service is the idea of becoming prisoners of war. In a greater scale, the probability of becoming victims of sexual molestation and rape is much higher among women than men if they were placed in the frontlines. One event that catapulted people to question the presence of women in service is the case of Private Jessica Lynch. Lynch was a part of the 507th Ordinance Maintenance Co. which was ambushed by Iraqi’s during the height of war against terrorism. The event caused the death of 11 of 33 soldiers. Seven of them were held captives while nine were injured. Medical records of Lynch showed that the soldier had broken bones and was â€Å"a victim of anal assault† (Gibbs, 2003 n.p.). Together with Private Lynch d uring the ambush was her colleague Spc. Soshana Johnson who was also held as a captive at a different location. Barely an hour before Johnson was held captive by the Iraqi insurgents; she was shot in both ankles and was later on videotaped for an interrogation which was broadcasted worldwide. Johnson and the others were held captive for 22 days until the Marines were able to rescue them (CNN, 2005). Due to these events many people who were already skeptical about putting women in the frontlines continues raising questions whether women should be subjected for such combats. Yet, despite of what had happened many still argues that women who are pursuing to become a part of the military are already aware of the consequences long before they have finally decided to enlist themselves (Minerva, 1994 cited in Willens). Given all of the odds, many women are still striving to fight for their rights to be in the frontlines, and as for the case of Lynch and Johnson both became heroes and inspi ration for many women who wanted to pursue their duty and their dreams. Another argument put forward by the opposition against women in combat is their physical strength and endurance. Along with this is the question whether women would be able to respond well on the gravitational forces of handling an aircraft. It is a fact that being in the military requires an individual to be physically fit because of the physical demands of the job. Undeterred by this argument, many experts proved that some women have the physical strength and endurance to be on the service (Army Times, 1996 cited in Willen, 1996). As for the case of combat aviation, there were no evidences that women cannot handle such action. In fact in the present war against terrorism, public affair officers who were ones promoting stories about how women struggle in the military are now discouraged to isolate women anymore (Stone, 2002). Until 1967 women were not subject to any promotion higher the colonel rank. Yet President Lyndon Johnson was the one to finally abolish the promotion restrictions by putting in effect the â€Å"Public law 90-130† stipulating that women were free to be promoted in all ranks. From then on many women in the military have risen in the ranks which proved that they are on the same level as men in the task of defending America (Waychoff, 2004 n.p.). This was true in the case of Lt. Gen. Claudia Kennedy; a three-star general in 1997 and was known as the army’s highest ranking woman and author of â€Å"Generally speaking.† Given the consideration that majority of the military p opulation is still comprised of males, women are now almost doing the same jobs as their male counterparts. More women are now poised near the combat zones (CNN, 2001). According to Senior Airman Madelyn Waychoff (2004), every year the number of female fighter pilots is increasing. In 2004 alone, sixty women have been flying fighter jets across the boarders of the enemies and they make up 1.9 percent of all the active-duty fighter pilots during that time. Records indicate that there are more women flying every year. In line with this, there are also several women who took the same risks as that of men during the upheaval of war against terrorism in Iraq and Afghanistan. Some military analyst claimed that the shortage in the troops deployed in the said areas were the very reason why despite of the prohibitions of women taking part in the ground combat, many women engaged themselves in direct offensive action against their enemies. To quote the former congressional Rep. Pat Schroeder (2005): â€Å"These rule no longer make sense because no place is safe in Iraq, the whole place is literally a frontline† (Schroeder, 2005 cited in Ginty, 2005 n.p.). Since the September 11, 2001 attack in the USA, 98 women have already been killed during the time of their service in defending America (CMR, 2008) while others acquired permanent injuries and have sustained wounds from combat. These statistics have surpassed the previous records during the Gulf War where 216, 000 women were enlisted and only 16 were killed (Ginty, 2005). Thus, these records points out that the physical strength of women as well as their endurance should not be undermined by their gender. Another issue faced by women in the military is evident in the impact of their jobs among their families and among the women themselves. According to Amy Blaidorn (2007), an active Navy Lieutenant, the greatest sacrifice that a woman in service does is the time spent away from the family during deployments. Yet she still continued to pursue her work be cause according to her she wanted to make a difference in the lives of other people and that she voluntarily enlisted for the military. Just like Blaidorn, many other women are actively participating in the military, most of whom are wives and mothers. According to a recent army report, the second stressor among female active service members is the separation from family. The multiple deployments became a concern for the whole military force and although there is a continuous means of addressing such issue, the repeated deployment during the heightened time of war continuously impact the family of the service members in a negative way (McChrystal, 2007 cited in Military and Veterans affairs chaplains, 2007). There are many cases that when the service member returns home after a long deployment, she would have to face another battle concerning her marriage and family (Waddell, 2007 cited in Military and Veterans affairs chaplains, 2007). The main problem comes from post-traumatic stress disorder that affects both the families and the service members. After long time of being away from the family, the most notable change that could be seen among the service members is that they are never the same person anymore. Likewise the family she left is not the same family in every aspect. Thus, these changes become a complex issue within the family (McChrystal, 2007 cited Military and Veterans affairs chaplains, 2007). In addition to this, deployments also post a challenge on the authority at home because during the time that the women are away, the male gets used to making all the decision by himself (Kay, 2007 cited Military and Veterans affairs chaplains, 2007). Infidelity and the pervasiveness in the use of pornography have become rampant in times of separation. According to documents, during the time of active deployments to Afghanistan and Iraq in 2001 to 2004, the rate of divorce among active service members drastically increased. Meanwhile for unmarried women in the military, the duty oftentimes serves as an impediment for building relationships (Military and Veterans affairs chaplains, 2007). Despite the family conflicts caused by multiple deployments in the war against terror, the commitment level of women to serve in the military shows higher proportion. Based from the survey findings presented by Penny Pierce and Lisa Lewandowski in an APA convention, surveys concluded that 51 percent of the military women were â€Å"very likely† or â€Å"extremely likely† to continue their service in the Air force while 18 percent of the participants were â€Å"likely† to re-enlist themselves in the service. According to the researchers the intentions of the women to re-enlist in the military depended on the attitudes of their significant others (Pierce and Lewandoski, 2007 cited in Nauert, 2007 n.p.). Based from the findings presented in the study, it is apparent that women have become participative in the military right after the prohibitions against their participation were lifted in some ways. Due to this, women played a vital role in the war against terrorism. They managed to penetrate the once all-male force and were able to ascend in positions that were once assigned to men. However, due to the heightened war in Iraq and Afghanistan which require them to be deployed in critical missions, several issues were faced by these silent warriors. Although there are still governing bodies that limit women to totally engage themselves in ground combat placing them in the sidelines, these areas that are considered to be unsafe does not apply the laws anymore. The battleground for the war against terrorism has become a place that literally became the frontline exposing the lives of women in jeopardy. Likewise, they became subjects of war captivity that inflicted them permanent injuries that may not be physical at times but are more likely to affect them emotionally. Furthermore, the issue within their families is another factor that should not be disregarded when speaking about the women in service. The pain they acquired from war is incomparable to the pain that they have to endure during the times that they have to return home and eventually see the changes that the war had brought on their families and after a short period of stay they would then have to leave again in order to defend the country. Still, despite of all these challenges they have managed to pull their responsibilities together for their country and for their families. They are dying, losing their vital parts, firing their weapons, piloting jets and in a greater sense they are true American soldiers that have served the country with pride and honor.

Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change Research Paper

Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change - Research Paper Example The research paper "Disappearance of Coral Reefs due to Global Climate Change" analyzes the sources of a disappearance of coral reefs since the global warming has higher devastating effects on coral reefs across the world. Large parts of coral reefs in various oceans in the world and the marine life supported by them are almost getting wiped away. The increase of temperature on the earth has been caused by green house effects. These are gases that are emitted from industries and later forming a thick layer in the atmosphere. This layer of gases allows ultra-violet rays of the sun to pass through the earth. However, the layer prevents the same rays from escaping after they are reflected by the earth. This leads to rising in global temperatures which according to the scientist, it has currently increased with 1.9 degrees. This has created a devastating long term effect of damaging coral reefs in the oceans. Researchers have indicated that about 7.5 percent of the world’s coral cover has been destroyed by a rise in temperature. Damage to coral reef has also been affected by ocean acidification that results from global warming. Acidification of ocean is caused by absorption of gases released into the atmosphere from various human activities across the world. Currently, due to increased industrial revolution, there is the higher emission of gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen monoxide, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. These gases form acids when mixed with water and in some situations form acid rain.

Research this questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research this questions - Assignment Example A report of a research project in a specialist journal will mostly be longer complete with extensive citations to additional research. A report in Financial Times, on the other hand, will be shorter with few citations and may not cite additional research (Grinnell & Unrau 2011, p.149). A report presented in Financial Times will mostly be written by a reporter, journalist- almost anyone. On the contrary, a report of a research project in a specialist journal will mainly be written by either professionals in the field or scholars (experts). Similarly, a report of research project in Financial Times will mostly be written using non technical language. There is the use of an entertaining language to arouse general interest and little documentation (bibliographies) (Kawa-Jump 2003, p.50). The language may also be partially complete with eye catching illustrations to elicit an emotional response. A report in a specialist journal, on the other hand, follows an in-depth research and is written using technical language. In addition, a report in a specialist journal will feature original research studies, bibliographies and references with a language that is objective (Kawa-Jump 2003, p.51). Every research undertaking has philosophical and theoretical ancestry and the foundation and encompasses ontological assumptions and epistemological assumptions (Bryman & Bell 2007, p. 16). A research philosophy refers to the principle on how the data dwelling a certain phenomenal is to be collected, analyzed and used. The key philosophical paradigms that distinguish key components within a research undertaking include positivist derived from natural sciences and characterized by the testing of hypothesis constructed from existing theories (Colwell 2006, p.188). Constructivist, on the other hand, holds that researchers understand situations based on their individual experiences, memories,

At the end of the day, marketing communication does not deliver Essay - 1

At the end of the day, marketing communication does not deliver adverts, or direct mail pieces, or PR and corporate identity programs. We deliver results Discuss what you think is meant by this statement - Essay Example Those involved in marketing focus on catching consumers’ attention through catchy slogans, media exposure, redesigning packages and endorsements from celebrities. Marketing includes what is known as the four â€Å"Ps† which are product, people, place and promotion (Kerin, 2012). A result oriented business knows very well that it cannot afford to play around with marketing communication. Marketing communication is a fundamental part of any businesses marketing department. As a key element, communication plays a major part in marketing, as a process it uses words, signs, sounds, images, and behaviors to express ideas, feelings or even thoughts to a recipient. In short, it is conveying information to a recipient with an expectation of a feedback. With that knowledge, marketing communication simply put is the deployment of every media to convey a message to the market. It covers advertisements, branding, printing materials, direct marketing, packaging, online presence, sales presentations, PR activities, sponsorships and many more (MaRS, 2012). In as much as marketing communication has a hand in these activities, its main goal is to deliver results in the form of brand loyalty. Marketing communication is geared towards two major objectives; create a sustainable demand for the product (brand loyalty) and to make the sale cycle shorter (Marsdd.com 2012). Preference creation is often a long term objective as it is aimed at using tools of communication to place the company or product in the mind of the customers targeted. To place or position a product and build a brand is not an overnight adventure, but requires consistency and time in communication, product, pricing and distribution to show degree of commitment by the company. When preference is done through building brands, it helps impact the market share, access to talent and profitability as a means for company’s’ long term value provision. Communication through

Huck Finns Journey to Adolescence

Huck Finns Journey to Adolescence Holden Caulfield, the protagonist of Catcher in the Rye, takes a journey into maturity in order to form into an adult from an adolescent. Holden struggles to find the maturity and responsibility for manhood, struggling from hypocrisy and misunderstanding. In order for him to reach that sense of sophistication, Holden has to complete his journey with reversing his sense of thinking and his acknowledgement of his superiority toward the environment around him. He eventually figures out his faker views and attempts to change from his experience with others. He eventually fails to change from his past view on hypocrisy from others and himself, seeking professional help at the end, [an assistance that helps fix his hypocrisy issuesAM]. On the contrary to Holden Caulfield, Huck evolves his adolescence by learning from his experiences on others and using his moral conscience to find what is right to him. Huck, still on a mission to adolescence to adulthood, fixes his teachings from others to form his personal thoughts and expanding on his experiences from the past involving family and views on slavery. In Mark Twains novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Hucks adventures on land and his evolving relationship with Jim depicts the importance of heating his experiences together during his adolescence. The Widow and Pap relations with Huck on land teach him about the importance of freedom and of ones desires. The Widow taking Huck in, couldnt stand it no longer he lit out, not enjoying the stay with Miss Watson and the Widow therefore, he follows what others want, and what others want him to do is stay with the widow and doesnt stay because he wants to. Huck, not being deprived of his complete freedom, doesnt want to be with the Widow reflecting some case of imprisonment in his early life . The widow also forces Huck to do activities that he doesnt really want to do. Huck is made to learn bible stories which he thinks is futile because [he] dont take no stock in dead people (2), and even to go to school, even though [he] dont take no stoke in mathematics (15). [Captured in a psychological imprisonmentPaPP], the widow persuades Huck to complete and learn the tasks that she feels are necessary for him like bible stories and math. Tom contributes to this mental imprisonment as well wh en Tom Sawyer gang is founded. Huck, born an orphan, requires a type of sacrifice for the oath Tom Sawyers gang has if someone was to go against their back against the gang and betray them;however, Huck has no one except the Widow in which he is essentially constricted to for the gang, Tom says every boy must have a family or somebody to kill, or else it wouldnt be fair and square for the others (8). [Losing his freedom progressivelyPrPP], Huck cannot leave the Widow and Miss Watson as he has to stay with them being something he doesnt prefer, teaching him the importance of decision making on his own. Later, [when Pap physically imprisons Huck-AdjSC], Huck transitions from one with lack of freedom psychologically to both being imprisoned physically and psychologically. Pap locking Huck in the cabin, strips Huck of his rights while at the same time teaching him a lesson on how important freedom is.ÂÂ   Pap goes to lock the door and keep the key under his pillow to prevent an att empted escape from Huck when he is sleeping, still trapping him. This trap contains Hucks want for freedom, [a freedom of being freed physically- RWM]. Hucks experiences with Pap and the Widow makes Huck urn for personal freedom that he wasnt entitled to as a child. Hucks experience with the Wilks teaches him about the honesty and trust in strong relationships to be supported. Urning to be more friendly towards Mary Jane, Huck notifies her about the scheme between the King and Duke. Huck believes that him telling her improves his relations with her even though he ever seen her since she walked out that door (191). Later on however, Huck follows up with proof that exhibits the strength of his bond with Mary Jane saying that he thought of her a many and a many a million times (191), explaining how relationships can be formed from honesty and trust. The connection with Mary Jane being based on honesty prevents him from being untruthful and lying instinctively towards others, an example being the statement from Levi Bell. Huck also learns another lesson from the Wilks; he learns the connections that Slave Owners can also portray sad emotional feelings toward their Slaves. The day after the funeral, the king sold the niggers (182) as property without the sisters being notified about the situation and the selling came as a surprise. [Mary Jane cryingAbP], she learns that her slaves are being sold thus separating their families apart from one another. This is a metanoia towards Huck as he has never seen anyone else be concerned with another slaves life and emotions, allowing him to connect to Jim even more. He now knows that he is not the only person breaking the social norm of bridging the race gap by showing compassion to someone that isnt white. Hucks decision to not turn in Jim is influenced by his experience with the Widow and Pap and how he lost some of his freedom evolving his relationship with Jim. Huck knows that Jim yearns for the same freedom that he was not able to have, helping Jim out from his experiences. Even though Huck wouldnt turn Jim in due to him saying that he said he wouldnt, and hell stick to it(43),ÂÂ   he had another reason to not turn Jim in besides his thoughts; he was influenced by his involvement with Pap and the widow. He understood that Jim had his rights and freedom restrained like he did and wanted him to experience something different than the restriction his parents gave him during his childhood. Continuing to help Jim instinctively while facing troubles, his late internal conflicts exemplify the knowledge he has of the sin he has commited by helping Jim. However; Huck was still searching for freedom after achieving it from escaping and can relate to Jims search for freedom. His experien ces compunction about helping Jim resurfaces when he remembers about widow and Pap. Remembering what the Widow and Miss Watson have taught Huck, he feels guilty helpingÂÂ   Jim , but still decides to assist him even knowing he will be going to hell(214). [He would rather go to hell for his actions, than tell the truth to Miss Watson// Structure], protecting Jim from being enslaved again. From his moral dilemma with himself, Huck feels guilty only after remembering what Miss Watson has done for him and what he has done to pay her back. He fights the urge to tell Miss Watson about Jim, with both of them seeking a greater freedom in their life. Huck, influenced by his memory and experiences with Pap and Widow, displays his ability to learn from experience during his adolescence. Huck also reflects what he saw with Wilks family. He now establishes and acknowledges that relationships should be built off of trust. Huck then connects his relationship with Jim towards these ideas and M ary Janes view of slaves. He realizes that he would be breaking the trust and friendship he established with Jim as he is Jims old friend in the world. And the only one hes got now (214) Huck cannot deal with breaking Jims trust and contemplates the dilemma and feud toward blacks and whites. He is also aware that he shouldnt break away Jims feelings with him, like how the slaves from the Wilks felt and that they shouldnt be separated from each other. Huck understands that feuds are breakable and attempts to bridge the gap between the races which he would have never thought of doing before his experiences. Huck coalesces his experiences together from land and on the raft with Jim to develop his sense of moral conscience. Through this development from experiences, Huck can be compared to any child that goes through different experiences and guidance to form who they are, they just each have a different story. These experiences can be a developing factor that formulates theÂÂ   concepts and the type of person someone is. In society, many children use their experiences in school and parental guidance to form whom they will become. With their experience in school and parental guidance, they use this criterion to find out their attitude and their formation as a person and can radically change their ideas and motives. Without these understandings, children are in a sense of free world in where they have to develop themselves without guidelines but still form into who they are. Works Cited Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Bantum, 1981. Print.

The Reality of Instant Messaging :: Internet Communication IM Chat Essays

The Reality of Instant Messaging â€Å"Instant messaging, also referred to as IM or Buddy Lists, is a program or communication service that lets you communicate with someone else using the same program at the same time† (YouCanWorkFromAnywhere.com). It is a means of chatting where people send each other short messages electronically. It can be looked at as something between e-mail or a phone call; an e-mail allows you the time to think things out before you type, and a phone call which is an immediate conversation that is going on â€Å"right now,† which are both characteristics of IM. As great as this concept does sound, there is much more to instant messaging, which can be looked at as harmful or beneficial to those using it. What are some of the good things about instant messaging? It is an easy, fast and direct way of communicating. It operates at a much quicker pace than that of e-mail, which has to wait on endless writing and replying. It is also a good way for people to communicate with their friends, family and teachers, or for college students to catch up with people from back home or at other schools. It is free, and free is much cheaper than paying long distance bills. A more specific beneficial matter related to instant messaging is how people, especially teenagers, use this program to express feelings that they would not express otherwise, mainly because there is a comfort and distance associated with this form of communication. According to a study conducted by a professor at Cornell University, Jeffrey Hancock, â€Å"we fib less frequently when we’re online than when we’re talking in person† (The Honesty Virus, The New York Times, March 21, 2004). Hancock asked 30 of his undergraduates to record all of their communications of any form for one week, including all of the lies that they told. When he tallied the results, he found that students had mishandled the truth in about one-quarter of all face-to-face conversations, and in a whopping 37 percent of phone calls. But when they went into cyberspace, they turned into Boy Scouts: only 1 in 5 instant-messaging chats contained a lie, and barely 14 percent of e-mail messages were dishonest.

Song for Last years wife- essay

Explore how the writer of one of your choice from the relationship collections presents different ideas about relationships from those given in ‘song for last year's wife' The poem by Brian Pattern presents thoughts of a man who misses his wife. The man In the poem Is directly talking to his wife which plays a role in the structure of the poem. On the contrary, ‘One Flesh' by Elizabeth Jennings explores the effect of long term relationships as the poem Is written about her parents, therefore It Is quite personal.Both poems have two very different themes within the main theme of legislations, for instance, ‘One Flesh' looks at the process of long term relationships and ‘Song for last year's wife' stud's the theme of pain when relationships breakdown. Both titles of the poem have some sort of connotation behind it. One flesh is mentioned in the Bible as it refers to two people becoming one after marriage and meant to be in unity, however, the poem contradicts th e title as it depicts how they are separated from each other even though they are still married.On the other hand, ‘song for last year's wife' alludes to the fact he has another wife but makes the read want to read on to find out what has happened to her. Subsequently, presenting different Ideas about relationship, their structures both vary to fit the Idea and perspective. The rhyme scheme of One Flesh Is A, B, A, B, A, A In the first two stanzas but the last stanza does not have a rhyming couplet as these two who are my has now grown cold' shows that there was a strong relationship at the start but broke down and has shattered.Perhaps, the effect of having a rhyming couplet at the end of the first two stanzas and not the last one is that the relationship has reached a level where there isn't any hope for their love for each other but Just they have to be together for their daughter's sake. On the other hand, Pattern does not use a rhyme scheme as the man is talking to his wi fe and you wouldn't necessary talk in rhyme therefore it is more natural. Both poems use the poetic device of metaphor but in different ways to fit the theme of the poem.The metaphor in song for last year's wife ‘perhaps It Is the winter, its Isolations ghost to witness' conveys a absence of his wife with the reference to a ‘ghost' which suggests that something still haunts him and memories of her still come to him. Whereas, Jennings uses a metaphor to show how the couple's relationship was strong and stable at the start room whose fire from I came from, has now grown cold'. This shows that their relationship was full of passion and fun but slowly drowned out to nothing but separation.Here, images of heat and cold are used to reinforce how their passion is dying. Moreover, when Patter uses a alliteration at the start of the poem ‘of waking without you' the emphasis of without increases due to the consonant being sharp so we know how hurt he is feeling without his w ife which leads on the tension of what has happened to her. Similarly, the use of alliteration when saying ‘light on late' tresses how the light Is kept on and makes us as the reader wonder why it I left on late that also add a level of apprehension towards the poem.To conclude, ‘One Flesh' and ‘Song for Last Year's Wife' both present their Ideas In different ways to emphasis the certain aspect of relationships they are trying to portray. Jennings uses the structure mostly to support how the couple's relationship is unstable whereas absence of his wife. Both poets use connotations to expand on their ideas which draw the reader in therefore, becoming a more precise poem in terms of being articulate towards the theme that is being represented.

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken

The Most Famous Wildfire Photograph Ever Taken Some consider the image shown, taken by an observant wildland firefighter, to be one of the most beautiful photographs of both wildfire  and wildlife taking refuge. The photo  was taken on August 6,  2000, by John McColgan who was a fire behavior expert working under a  cooperative agreement with the  Bureau of Land Management (BLM)  and attached to an Alaskan Type I Incident Management Team on a Montana wildfire.​ McColgan says he was at the perfect spot with his Kodak DC280 digital camera when fire conditions and wildlife activity combined to create his image. The pic was saved as just another image file in the new type of digital camera.   McColgan finished his work for the BLM and returned to his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. He could not be found for days after one of those pictures turned viral and spread quickly over the Internet.   One of his elk and fire snapshots has fast become one of the most downloaded environmental photos of wildlife and wildfire on the Internet. Rob Chaney, a  reporter for the  Montana Missoulian  suggested that there were multiple reasons this photo was so great. Here are some of the comments reported:   Best darned elk photo Ive ever seen.Best darned fire photo Ive ever seen.Best darned photo, period, Ive ever seen. From the Official Record The famous photo was taken on a Sunday, in the late evening where several fires burned together near Sula, Montana (population 37) and turned into one large 100,000-acre wildfire. McColgan just happened to be standing on a bridge crossing the East Fork of the  Bitterroot River  in the  Sula  Complex of the  Bitterroot National Forest  in the state of  Montana where he took what is now called his elk bath digital Image. McColgan was employed by the Alaska Fire service and was on loan to Montana and acting as an expert on wildfire behavior. McColgan just happened to be a contract fire analyst with a new camera and took digital pictures of two elk who escaped the fire by wading in the Bitterroot River. No big deal. As a natural resource professional, McColgan understood both wildfire and wildlife.  When asked about the elk, he assured that they know where to go, where their safe zones are...a lot of wildlife did get driven down there to the river. There were some bighorn sheep there. A small deer was standing right underneath me, under the bridge. McColgan completed his assignment and left for home. The Search for McColgan The digital image he took was sent from one person to another person and according to the Montana Missoulian within about 24 hours the elk photo had world-wide-webbed its way across the West. For about a week now, theres been a medium-size manhunt underway across the West. The man everyones been hunting for is John McColgan of Fairbanks. The Nation and the World were sending emails and making phone calls for weeks to find out just who took the images of the wildfire and wildlife. It was the newspaper  Missoulian in Montana who finally solved the mystery and tracked McColgan down. He had indeed been in Montana and was now in Fairbanks attending the birth of his son, where the paper finally found him and where he told reporter Rob Chaney that he had taken the picture. I just happened to be in the right place at the right time.  McColgan confirmed that he had been in fire protection for  years  and that this particular fire ranked in the top three  extreme fire behavior  events he had ever seen.   Rob Chaney in response to the photo wrote that many people have never even seen an elk. Most of those who have, even those whove seen thousands of them, never get to see an image like this. Most people dont get to see a fire like this, either. Thanks to McColgan and Rob Chaney, millions of people have seen this stunning image. McColgans image went viral and eventually was picked as a Time Magazine favorite.

Privacy given away

Privacy given away IntroductionWould someone's foraging your garbage for pieces of your information and fumbling your mailbox, a nuisance to you? What about someone going through your bag and wallet for a quick look? How about someone tailing you wherever you go, just like Web sites which keeps track of your every move and walk off with your personal information and use it as merchandise for business without your permission or any concern of invading into your privacy.Since Internet begins, privacy issues are growing concerns for online users and the problem became more severe each day.As adults and children, all of us face a new area of danger from the Internet. A list of some of the dangers children and adults routinely encounter on the Internet that may or may not lead to loss of privacy:* pedophiles* online dating and cybersex* hate groups* pornography* incorrect information* hoaxes* threats* viruses and other malicious self-replicating code* junk e-mail* chain letters and Ponzi schemes* get-rich-q uick schemes* Nigerian 4-1-9 scam* stolen software* stolen music and video* plagiarism* criminal hackers hacktivists* online auctions* online gambling* buying on the Web* games* spyware and scumware* addiction* theft of identity.English: An example of an automated online assista...Protection for myselfEvery site I ever visited other than those sites access on behalf of the company, knows nothing about me or my preferences. Oops, except one - the only that had began my phobia of revealing my real personal information and shopping online with my credit card.To be honest, I did all these deliberately. I am really sick and tired of receiving spams, I have registered up to six free email accounts. One for work, second for friends and relatives, third...

Prosecution of the Early Church Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Prosecution of the Early Church - Essay Example Prosecution only strengthened ideas and dogmas promulgated by the early church leaders and became a driven force of church expansion and developments. The period of the Early Church covers the periods when the books of the New Testament had been written. (100-4010 AD). The main record of the Church's earliest expansion depends on two divergent, but necessarily complementary literary sources; the Christian apologists and the pagan authors. The outline of the picture presented by both is remarkably consistent, though here and there details may be hazy and liable to more than one interpretation, very rarely however in matters of substance. A further feature of Christian history is its continuity from the first century down to our own day; indeed it may be said of the Church that no other institution of comparable antiquity is so completely documented. The amount of original manuscript that survives is naturally infinitesimal in quantity compared with the volume of works preserved for us by generations of copyists; yet where it does exist, it rarely contradicts, and nearly always confirms the literary and historical tradition. Inscrip tions form an important body of original material, but in an era of insecurity, and sometimes of actual persecution, purely Christian sentiments were more often not openly expressed. Historians suppose that persecution of the Early Church has a great impact on its expansion and proliferation of its ideas to other territories and countries. The Early Days of the Church In the earliest years, the Romans saw Christianity as a sect of Judaism. Suetonius, in his life of Claudius, records the expulsion of the Jews from Rome, who 'continually created disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus'. Suetonius apparently did not even realize that Chrestus, or Christ, was not a living Jewish leader of that time2. The Jews themselves reacted strongly enough against the new religion which they regarded as striking at the very foundations of their law, and their opposition would have been far more formidable than in fact it was, had they not been temporarily annihilated politically after the destruction of the Second Temple by Titus in 70. There is only a thin line dividing religious from political persecution, since the former is so often a pretext for the latter; thus, Pelikan is chiefly concerned with the relations of Christians with the civil power, and first and foremost with the civil power of Rome3. It would be wrong to lay any but the ultimate responsibil ity for the martyrdom of St Polycarp and a few others at the door of Antoninus. In general he followed in the relatively humane policies of his predecessors Hadrian and Trajan, whereby Christians were not to be hunted down nor, if charged, condemned, unless they could be proved to have broken the laws--an escape clause which included refusal to sacrifice to the Emperor as a god. A long period of comparative peace for the Church was abruptly ended by the accession of Antoninus' adopted son, Marcus Aurelius (161-180)4. The Period of Marcus Aurelius A

How to Make a Cake - Training Session Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

How to Make a Cake - Training Session - Essay Example At the end of the training, the learners should have the ability to identify all the ingredients used in the preparation of pancakes and to have the ability to prepare pancakes in different ways according to the unique recipes taught in the training. The objectives are important in influencing the structure of the training process. Just as the name suggests, objectives portray the features the training seeks to achieve thus helping the trainers help tailor the raining materials. In determining the objectives, the trainers look for the nature of the raining thus determining the features it seeks to achieve. In this context, the training session seeks to equip trainees with pancake making skills through numerous recipes. With this understanding, it becomes important for the trainees to understand the ingredients used in the preparation of pancakes and the varied methods used in doing so. Such are intricate factors considered in the development of the objectives of the training exercise. The learning styles will include theoretical and practical features each of which has specific strengths and weaknesses. However, incorporating both methods ensures that they complement each other thus enhancing the success of the training process. Theoretical teaching requires students to attend classes, take notes, and participate in the lectures. The process often provides an effective platform for the trainers to introduce the trainees to the varied courses and the unique features of the training session. This equips the trainees with the appropriate mindset and the inaugural safety and security factors they must consider in order to enhance the success of the training process. A practical session on the other hand includes implementing the theoretical features of the lessons by practicing the process of preparing the pancakes. This requires the students to attend sessions in appropriate laboratories and kitchens fitted with appropriate

Assessment of Artistic Quality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Assessment of Artistic Quality - Essay Example Other types of art include decoration, literature, interactive media, crafts, fine arts, and applied arts (Davies, 2009, 134). Since time immemorial, art has been controversial. Some people may decide to dislike a particular art for various reasons. There have been incidences of art destructions especially those that are not appealing or outrageous to some people. Some artistic creations have been disliked simply because they depicted unpopular parties, individuals, rules or groups. Conventions involving art have in most cases, been conservative (Noà «l, 2008, 45). The iconographic content of art may result in controversies. An example can be derived from the depiction of the new motif of the virgins Soon alongside the crucifixion of Christ. Another example of artistic controversy is that Last Judgement by Michelangelo. This is because it breached decorum by the depiction of not only a duty but also the Apollo Like pose of Christ. This art became a nuisance to many people (Stecker, 2007, 35). The many controversies in artistic designs have necessitated assessments on this artistic project to ascertain the quality before they are displayed in the public domain (Kennick, 2009, 6). In a different generation, artistic evaluation has been done using various criterion. In this situation, I think artistic quality should be assessed before being displayed to the public in order to eliminate or reduce controversies. Despite being in existence, a wider criterion for artistic evaluations, I will in this paper focus on fine art (painting) and discuss three methods to criterion in artistic quality evaluations. These criterions include assessment in artistic style, artistic technique, and line. In most cases, people tend to assess a particular piece of art by attaching their personal feelings to the decisions that they take. The contents of the majority of formal arts throughout history have been determined by the commissioner and the patron instead of a particular artist.

Chocolate Industry Essay Example for Free

Chocolate Industry Essay The Chocolate industry in the UK has been facing many challenges in recent times. The escalation of prices of the main ingrediants such as cocoa, milk and sugar has forced companies to increase prices. Customers showed resistance to higher prices which prompted brands such as Cadbury Masterfoods (Galaxy) to reduce packaging sizes. Concerns among the public regarding obesity has also led chocolate companies to bring out smaller sizes of chocolate. A big issue facing the industry are cocoa prices hitting a 33% high in 2010 due to growing demands from the chocolate industry and a disappointing crop in the Ivory Coast, an important grower of cocoa. As per Euromonitor reports the total value of the chocolate market has grown by 3% to 5. 4 million from 2009. The main players in the market in UK are Cadbury (owned by Kraft Foods), Mars Nestle. Cadbury as of 2010 accounts for 31% value share in the market. In 2010 acquired Cadbury Plc in January 2010 for ? 11. 5 billion. Cadbury Trebor Bassett (CTB) is the confectionery division of the company, which holds a large stake in the three key confectionery areas – sugar, gum and chocolate. CTB’s key brand in the chocolate market is Dairy Milk. This acquisition has helped Cadbury as well as Kraft Foods by increasing their economies of scale as well as bring out more options to customers. Cadbury Ltd operates in both the chocolate and sugar confectionery markets. It manufactures branded confectionery and beverages, including the internationally-successful Cadbury chocolate brand. The company also manufactures dark chocolate under the Bourneville name, as well as supplying Maynards, Trebor and Basset sugar confectionery. The company owns the chewing gum brand Trident and manufactures the medicated sweet, Halls Soothers. Cadbury chocolate brands in the UK include: Dairy Milk, Wispa, Twirl, Twisted, Freddo, Crunchie, Chomp, Bournville, Decker, Boost, Flake, Dream, Time Out, Star Bar, Picnic, Fudge, Snack, Brunch, Curly Wurly, Roses, Creme Egg, Variety and its standalone organic chocolate brand Green Black’s. Cadbury also produces several other items of confectionary however the focus in this project is chocolate. In this project we will look at the competitive pressures facing Cadbury and how it remains the market share leader. Cadbury Ltd registered a turnover of ? 5. 98bn in the year ending 31st December 2009, up from ? 5. 38bn in 2008. In 2009, pre-tax profit stood at ? 378m, after falling by 5. 5% from ? 400m in 2008. Below is a graph showing positions of all key market players FIVE FORCES TOOL. Michael E Porter devised ‘Porter’s Five Forces tool’ as a way for companies to ascertain market attractiveness and competition with other companies. This tool is not just used by commercial organizations but also by public organizations and not for profit companies to understand their customers and suppliers. In the chocolate industry there is heavy rivalry due to the presence of several large scale and world renowned market players such as Nestle, Cadbury and Mars. Cadbury among others produces countlines, boxed chocolates and sharing bags as well as blocks and moulded bars. RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPANIES Existing rivalry among market players in an industry is an important part of judging market attractiveness and competition. Cadbury in UK faces competition mainly from Mars and Nestle. These three brands command equal market shares in UK and an extra percentage of market share creates big marketing spends, strong pricing and new launches of products within the company. In March 2008, Mars acquired the sugar confectionery company Wrigley US, while, in 2010, Kraft Foods completed its acquisition of Cadbury. As per Keynote reports Nestle is expected to buy out US Hershey brand. Nestle is left with reduced market share after acquisitions of Mars Cadbury. Periods of low market growth according to Porter (1980) particularly during maturity or decline of product cycles intensify competition. Competitors take advantage of the saturation of other products. With excess production capacity and lesser competition, several players engage in price competition to get higher sales. Cadbury goes head to head with Nestle Mars as other players have fairly smaller market shares and often struggle due to these top companies. According to Hooley et all (Marketing strategy and competitive positioning) high exit barriers for a company lead to higher competition as well. If a company is unable to exit a market due to high initial investments, high costs of redundancy (monetary and social) they work harder to compete with other companies. Several companies have egotistical as well as psychological reasons for remaining in a market and ensure they stay on top of people’s minds as exiting is not an option due to brand history and value. Brands such as Cadbury have incredible media presence covering internet, television, print, etc. Cadbury is a major player on the internet and uses this tool as an advantage over competitors. Newer avenues such as E-markets are intensifying competition and deterring exit of big companies. Competition in the chocolate industry is also increased due to the fact that product differentiation is low. The intrinsic quality and external value of a bar of chocolate is similar therefore competition for sales is increased. Switching costs in terms of price and availability for customers is low as many players have similar varieties of chocolate on offer. Customers may not face difficulty in changing from one brand to another due to such factors and this leads to Cadbury, Nestle and Mars to participate in increased competitiveness for higher market share. According to Hooley et All (Marketing strategy competitive positioning) if fixed costs are high then competitive is intensified. THE THREAT OF MARKET ENTRY The chocolate industry must be prepared for the entrance of new competition. Several factors can allow companies from entering into an industry. The chocolate industry has several companies that hold highest market share however there are also small companies as well as a lot of new entrants. New companies enter the industry if cost of entry is low. Companies with relatively less resources can break into markets if capital and investment is low. The requirement of large financial resources in order to compete with established brands can deter new entrants. In the chocolate industry deterrents include rising prices of supplies like cocoa, sugar and milk. The health awareness among the public has also led to dropping sales and this can be a problem for new entrants. Factors distribution channels being accessible for all chocolate companies gives new companies accessibility to enter the market due to heavy presence to retail outlets. Competitive retaliation according to Hooley can hinder entrance of new and fairly smaller companies. Big players such as Cadbury can pursue aggressive marketing strategies to combat new companies from taking over. If bigger companies were unable to respond to new companies with competitive retaliation then it would be far easier for companies to enter. The chocolate industry is composed of very few companies as the main players (Cadbury, Kit Kat Nestle) hold highest market shares. These companies have aggressive market strategies and customer loyalty as well. Existing companies have the funds to expand their presence in the market through acquisitions or mergers. For example, in 2003, Cadbury acquired the Natural Confectionery Company, which has since become a well-known product in the sugar confectionery market. Such extensions serve to diversify the market, while introducing more options in terms of products and brands. Product differentiation can also trigger entry of new companies. The chocolate market is flexible and many different varieties of chocolate can be found. New companies can use this to their advantage by launching specialized products to cater different tastes. In the chocolate industry there are several brands offering niche variety of chocolates whereas the top players are creating extensions similar to what the competitor is providing. Cadbury offers a wide variety of chocolates to compete with Mars Nestle as well as other brands such as Ferrero Rocher, Lindtt Thorntons. Hooley states that when there are gaps in a market new entrants can enter with ease. In highly segmented markets, new entrants can cater to specialized segments of the market as well as newer and experimental audiences. In every industry companies need to understand diversifying interests and requirements of customers or else new entrants can use this opportunity to cater to new tastes and needs of customers. In the chocolate industry more and more varieties of chocolate are available and there is a demand for different types of chocolates that many specialized and newer brands are approaching giving a tough time to established brands such as Cadbury. THE THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES: Every industry including the chocolate industry is threatened by substitutes. New companies can come in and revolutionize the market and offer better and more unique substitutes of whatever is already on offer. In the chocolate industry new companies can provide better alternatives of existing products by offering cheaper prices and better quality. Product improvements can be made and this makes newer companies gain an advantage over existing companies. Due to health concerns in UK many customers are shifting to options such as biscuits. BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS. In the chocolate industry suppliers can gain power by increasing prices, limiting quality and services. The rising prices of Cocoa are forcing many chocolate brands to increase prices or reduce packaging size of chocolates. Bargaining power of suppliers are medium as even the suppliers require these brands to buy. The cocoa industry depends on the confectionary industry. However to combat the high prices Cadbury is reduce. ng packaging of sizes. The price of cocoa is consistently rising and the market is very volatile BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The other side of powerful suppliers are powerful buyers. Buyers today are expecting better quality and cheaper prices. Since chocolate is a standardized product buyers can choose between many brands and switching costs are low. Brands such as Cadbury and Nestle are following customer demands such as creating healthy alternatives as well as suiting their requirements in terms of flavours, types of chocolate, etc. Due to recession in the UK many people prefer to remain at home and Cadbury is creating ‘Nights in’ options such as chocolate sharing bags. Bargaining power of buyers is high as they have the option to switch to several options. GENERIC STRATEGY OPTIONS According to Porter, a company can outperform other companies in a competitive arena through: 1. Cost Leadership 2. Differentiation 3. Focus As of 2009 Cadbury UK ltd remains market leader in chocolate confectionary accounting for 31% in value sales. With new product developments and extensions Cadbury hopes to woo new customers. With the takeover by Kraft Foods Cadbury is benefitted by widespread distribution and larger economies of scale COST LEADERSHIP: Cadbury is not a cost leader in the market however follows competitive pricing along with Mars Nestle. Due to cocoa prices rising they are increasing prices or reducing package sizes yet maintaining almost similar prices so no one can gain competitive price advantage. In October 2010, The Grocer revealed that Cadbury and Nestle were to increase their recommended retail prices by up to 7% across some of their most popular lines, including Dairy Milk, Wispa and Yorkie. Rising commodity prices led to a 3 pence (p) price increase on standard Cadbury Dairy Milk bars in October — a 30% increase on 2007 — taking the retail price of the chocolate bar to 56p. DIFFERENTIATION: Cadbury provides similar products to its competitors therefore differentiation is hard to achieve. Cadbury’s Diary Milk however is their best selling chocolate and is a plain chocolate. A similar product cannot be found in competitiors. Cadbury however is known for its unique taste and therefore offers differentiation as competitors cannot imitate the same taste. FOCUS: Competitive advantage can be gained if Cadbury focuses on target groups. As per consumer research volumes of chocolate consumed are falling however the same amounts of people are eating chocolate. Several factors such as negative health effects of chocolate and the concept of ‘staying in’ due to recession are deterring consumers from consuming chocolate. Cadbury’s responded to the increasing concern over unhealthy ingredients with the acquisition of the Natural Confectionery Company, which manufactures sweets without artificial colouring or flavourings. Cadbury can capitalise on captive audiences staying in at home with chocolate sharing bags and boxes such as Buttons Roses. Nestle is known to have partnered with Empire magazine’s dvd rental service to gain advantage over this ‘stay at home’ audience. Cadbury also needs to focus on ethical sourcing as people in the UK are expecting companies to conduct business in a socially responsible manner. Cadbury is a supporter of sustainable cocoa farming and in order to appeal to global audiences they entered into Fairtrade. To summarize focus can be on health concerns, ethical sourcing and corporate responsibility as well as seasonal demand during Christmas , Easter, ETC. Cadbury among its competitors also leads in brand extensions, the revival of Wispa is an important example. Competitors feel it comes in the way of original brand sales however Cadbury found success. RESOURCE BASED VIEW: According to the resource based view companies can achieve high performance through their developed resources. This view bases success of a company on its assets and capabilities which help to create competitive advantage. As per the resource based theory competitive edge can be found if companies possess the following characteristics: value, rarity, inimitability and non-substitutability (VRIN MODEL). Resources are further classified into tangible and intangible assets. Intangible Resources for Cadbury are: 1. Brand Name: The brand name Cadbury is very renowned. Kraft’s takeover has helped Kraft more than it has for Cadbury. Cadbury is an easily recognized brand name and is the market share leader in the UK. 2. Reputation: Cadbury has a very good reputation among buyers in the UK. In 2010 Cadbury became Fairtrade and also follows ethical sourcing of cocoa which has helped enhance its image. Cadbury’s history goes beyond 150 years and is considered a top brand. 3. Country of Origin: Country of origin is also an asset and in the case of Cadbury, the COO is UK. The COO is a method of evaluation for quality. Customers except a lot more when a brand originates from certain countries. 4. Market Domination: Cadbury has an additional asset of market domination. As of 2010 as per Euromonitor reports, Cadbury leads market share in the UK accounting for 31% value share in UK. The Kraft takeover has only helped in increasing the dominance of Cadbury due to increased distribution networks and extensive economies of scale. Following the Kraft takeover in February 2010, sales of Cadbury’s Dairy Milk were up 12. 8% and Cadbury’s overall chocolate confectionery business grew by 5%. Although Kraft’s chocolate sales rose faster in percentage terms, at 7. 5% for the 52 weeks ending 30th October 2010, this was the result of increased distribution. Cadbury’s acquisition has helped Kraft Foods. Supply chain assets such as a strong distribution network and good relationship with suppliers (cocoa, milk sugar) are also a strong asset for Cadbury. Cadbury is available at all retail outlets and due to its ethical sourcing objectives and fair-trade association it shares a good relationship with suppliers despite the volatile price environment. Other strong intangible assets for Cadbury include its existing large customer base, glowing corporate culture and production expertise. Tangible assets for Cadbury are factory and equipment as well as cash/cash equivalents. Below is a table listing assets of Cadbury on a Likert scale. Rated from 1 to 5 (5 being the highest) INTANGIBLE ASSETS: Resources| Value| Rarity| Inimitability| Non Substitutability| Brand Name| 5| 5| 5| 5| Reputation| 5| 4| 3| | Country of Origin| 5| 3| 3| 3| Market Domination| 5| 3| 3| 3| Supply Chain Assets| 5| 3| 3| 3|. To gain competitive advantage, capabilities of a firm should also be taken into consideration. According to Hooley, processes that deploy assets are capabilities. Several marketing capabilities should be included such as robust advertising and promotion strategies, distribution capabilities, pricing etc. The following capabilities can apply to Cadbury: * Advertising Promotions: Effective communications can take place through advertising, public relations, direct marketing, etc. Cadbury also launched a ? 50m advertising plan in 2010 as part of its official sponsorship of the London 2012. In recent time Cadbury has received good PR for becoming a fairtrade product. On 28th February 2011, the company began its ‘Fairtrade Fortnight’, after Cadbury announced that it planned to donate 20% of total sales from its fairtrade products to charity in order to fund a program that would give Ghanaian cocoa farmers solar panels. Examples of such good PR and great advertising campaigns help in Cadbury’s aim to gain competitive advantage. * Distribution capability: Distribution capability is a capability for Cadbury as it is available in all grocery stores including large scale retailers such as Tesco, Sainsbury Asda. * Product developments: Cadbury’s newest innovations and brand extensions such as Diary Milk bliss (vanilla cream centre, extension of Diary Milk) are capabilities that help Cadbury achieve competitive advantage. Cadbury has also reintroduced Wispa which has been a big seller. During seasonal and festive times Cadbury innovates and brings out products that it is renowned for. Cadbury’s seasonal range offering new product innovations, such as Caramel Bunnies and Creme eggs are a popular choice that set it apart from competitors. CADBURY’S RELATIONSHIPS: Cadbury maintains a good relationship with its customers through effective marketing and PR tools such as social marketing and their website. Cadbury also has a good relationship with its suppliers, In order to achieve corporate social responsibility they have gone fairtrade and continue to support ethical farming of supplies such as cocoa. In 2011 cadbury donated one fifth of its profits from all fair trade certified products sold during fair trade fortnight (28th feb-13th march) to fund solar power projects in Ghana’s cocoa farming communities. Today sales of Cadbury’s Dairy Milk have resulted in 2. 3 million pounds of fairtrade premium paid to Kuapa Kokoo, a fairtrade cooperative for farmers. Cadbury has pledged to invest 45 million pounds over 10 years to secure sustainable future of cocoa farming in Ghana, India, South East Asia and the Caribbean. Cadbury has also invested in farmer education and also reducing its carbon footprint. Cadbury also keeps a good relationship with its distribution channels such as retail outlets like Tesco Asda. Relationships with the media, consumers, suppliers and distributors are the most important relationships for Cadbury. RECOMMENDATION Chocolate remains by far the largest sector of the confectionery market, with sales rising by 17% over the 5 years, compared to the sugar confectionery market which grew by just 6. 3% over the same period. This was principally down to the continued popularity of chocolate products and the rising retail price of confectionery. Countering highly competitive environment through differentiating your product and providing something different from competitors. A tough marketing strategy should be created to help increase value of the product among customers. This creates higher entry barriers for new market players and despite industry growth, market share and costs of supply a brand can cement its own and undisputable position. If product cycle reaches decline then the brand should work to reinvent the product. Cadbury at present is the market leader and with the association with Kraft they can benefit from synergistic strategies. The past few years have also seen concerns regarding the ethical sourcing and production of confectionery products escalate. As a result, organic and fairtrade ingredients have become more widely used in confectionery. Cadbury has created a good name for itself by going fairtrade and must continue to produce in ethical ways. In order to maintain competitive advantage Cadbury must continue to analyse market trends such as healthy eating, staying in and sharing as well as the public’s interest in corporate responsibility. As per keynote reports the price of cocoa and sugar has increased dramatically over the 5-year review period, which is likely to have an adverse affect on the chocolate confectionery sector. Although some companies maintained a good level of ingredient stocks in 2010, the rising cost of commodities, coupled with the increase in value added tax (VAT) in January,is likely to have a more noticeable effect on the industry in 2011. In the UK, the confectionery market continues to enjoy a high level of consumer penetration, with nearly nine out of ten adults purchasing chocolate bars or similar products on a regular or semi-regular basis. However, the market’s large size, its abundance of products and the dominance of well-known brands such as Cadbury. In response to economic downturns and the escalating prices of supplies, Cadbury should respond by producing budget and value items. In a response to escalating cocoa prices Cadbury has responded by not passing price increases onto customers by reducing the size of its products. In February 2011, Cadbury reduced its 140 gram (g) bar of Dairy Milk to 120g (removing two squares), but kept the price the same. Cadbury in order to maintain competitive advantage must continue to offer the customer value through its resources, keep the prices low as well as keep innovating and providing newer products. Another strength Cadbury should concentrate is on to keep focussing on key brands such as Dairy Milk. To have an advantage over competitors Cadbury must continue to follow market trends. REFERENCING Euromonitor reports Hooley, G. , Piercy, N. F. , and Nicoulaud, B. (2008) Marketing Strategy and Competitive Positioning, 4th Ed. , Harlow: FT Prentice-Hall Keynote reports Mintel reports Porter, M. E. (1980c) Competitive Strategy, New York: Free Press Porter, M. E. (1980b) How competitive forces shape strategy, McKinsey Quarterly, Spring, No. 2, pp. 34-50 www. cadbury. co. uk.